BHD综合征肺部病变8例CT征象分析并文献复习
总结Birt-Hogg-Dubé(BHD)综合征肺部病变CT表现。方法回顾性分析8例经证实的BHD综合征肺部病变的CT征象并复习相关文献。结果8例肺部病变的CT征象均呈双肺多发、大小不等的囊性病灶,病灶可融合、扩张形成巨大不规则状低密度区,肺组织明显受压,6例扩大的囊性低密度区内见纤细的条状分隔影。6例病灶主要分布于双肺下叶基底部,1例分布于胸膜下区,1例分布于左肺上叶。8例病变边缘规整并见囊壁,周围肺组织均呈炎性改变,5例合并胸膜增厚,2例合并胸腔积液。结论双肺下叶基底部多发不规则的低密度区并见囊壁及内部分隔是BHD综合征肺部病变的特征性影像表现。
[关键词]Birt-Hogg-Dubé综合征;肺;体层摄影术,X线计算机
[中图分类号]R445.3;R563[文献标志码]A[文章编号] 2096-5532(2018)06-0664-05
CT FINDINGS OF PULMONARY LESIONS IN BIRT-HOGG-DUB SYNDROME: AN ANALYSIS OF 8 CASES AND LITERATURE REVIEW LI Shaoke, REN Dunqiang, TANG Xiaoyan, XIAO Baohong, WANG Shaohua, ZHANG Ping (Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo analyze the CT findings of pulmonary lesions in Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome. MethodsThe CT findings of 8 confirmed cases of pulmonary lesions associated with BHD syndrome were retrospectively analyzed, and the relevant literature was reviewed. ResultsAll the 8 cases showed multiple cystic lesions of different sizes on both lungs, which could be fused and enlarged to form large irregular low-density areas, with the lung tissue compressed obviously; 6 cases showed fine stripes in the enlarged cystic low-density areas. The lesions were mainly located in the basal segments of left and right lower lobes in 6 cases, in the subpleural area in 1 case, and in the left upper lobe in 1 case. In all the 8 cases, the lesion margin was well-defined with a cyst wall, and there were inflammatory changes in the surrounding lung tissues; pleural thickening was seen in 5 cases, and pleural effusion was seen in 2 cases. ConclusionMultiple irregular low-density areas in the basal segments of left and right lower lobes as well as a cystic wall and internal septations are characteristic imaging features of pulmonary lesions in BHD syndrome.
[KEY WORDS]Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome; lung; tomography, X-ray computed
Birt-Hogg-Dubé(BHD)綜合征是一种罕见的常染色体显性遗传性疾病,该病可累及皮肤、肺及肾脏[1]。BHD综合征临床表现多样,可单一部位发病,也可同时累及以上3种脏器[2]。由于本病较为罕见,
国内外研究仅以个案报道为主[3-8],缺少对该综合征影像学表现的总结,对其影像学特征认识不足。BHD综合征肺部病变发生率约为84%[4],故分析其肺部病变的影像学征象具有重要临床价值。本文回顾性分析8例经临床证实为BHD综合征病人的肺部病变CT征象,并对国内外相关文献进行复习总结,旨在提高对本病的认识。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
收集2009年6月—2018年6月经本院基因检测证实为BHD综合征的8例病人,男5例,女3例,年龄25~73岁,平均年龄52岁。其中5例病人为同一家系,男性4例,女性1例(图1);余3例非同一家系者均自述家族中曾患有自发性气胸入院治疗(男1例,患病家属为其母亲;女2例,1例患病家属为其父亲,1例患病家属为其母亲),其中2例女性家属手术记录为多发性肺大疱。8例病人临床表现均有咳嗽及胸闷气短,其中6例合并胸痛,1例合并呼吸困难和口唇发绀,5例有咯血史。8例病人均接受胸部CT平扫。
1.2CT检查方法
采用GE BrightSpeed 16层MSCT扫描仪行全肺螺旋容积扫描。受检者取仰卧位,头先进,扫描范围自肺尖至肺底。扫描参数:电压120 kV,电流240 mA,采集螺距1.275 mm,FOV 36 cm×36 cm,矩阵512×512,准直0.625 mm。采用标准算法重建,重建厚度和间隔为1 mm,全肺扫描时间为4~6 s。
1.3图像评价
采用肺窗(窗宽1 000~1 500 Hu,窗位-600~800 Hu)及纵隔窗(窗宽350~400 Hu,窗位50 Hu)于PACS终端连续观察评估BHD综合征病人肺部CT征象。观察内容包括:双肺是否存在异常密度区,异常密度区CT值、形态及大小、单发或多发、主要分布范围、边缘情况以及周边肺组织有无异常等。
2结果
本文8例病人均于肺窗观察到双肺多发、大小不等的含气囊腔,形态表现为小类圆形、分叶状和不规则状等,以直径<10 mm的类圆形含气囊腔较为多见,部分含气囊腔可见融合,形成巨大囊泡样含气低密度区(最大者直径达41 mm),内无肺纹理,周边肺组织明显受压,6例病人囊泡样透亮区中间可见纤细的条状分隔影。肺窗测量病变区的CT值为-903~-782 Hu,平均-838 Hu。8例病变边缘均较为规整、光滑,可见边缘较为清晰的壁组织样结构,其中6例壁较厚,2例壁较薄。8例均可见病变周围肺组织多发小斑片样、索条样密度增高影,5例合并胸膜增厚,2例合并胸腔内水样低密度影。见表1、图2。
3讨论
3.1BHD综合征的临床表现与病理基础
BHD综合征又被称为Hornstein-Knickenberg综合征,于1977年由BIRT、HOGG和DUBé发现并描述。该综合征为一种遗传性疾病,由卵泡蛋白编码基因(FLCN)突变所引起,FLCN为一种抑癌基因[9-12]。
BHD综合征病人的临床表现主要包括皮肤多发性纤维毛囊瘤、肾癌以及肺囊肿和自发性气胸等[13-16]。本组8例病人均表现为肺部病变,均有咳嗽及胸闷气短的症状,其中6例同时合并胸痛,1例合并呼吸困难和口唇发绀。结合CT检查所见,考虑临床症状为病变区巨大的肺囊肿压迫肺组织以及囊肿破裂而形成的气胸所致,与文献所述相符。
BHD综合征肺部病变的主要病理基础是肺泡囊性扩张所形成的肺囊肿,囊肿可发生破裂,也可无破裂[17],在未破裂的肺囊肿中,囊壁可扩张至脏胸膜、肺实质、小叶间隔或支气管血管束。一个囊肿的壁也可被另一个囊肿的壁部分包裹,从而CT表现出“囊泡样”或“囊肿内多发肺泡样”的独特结构。根据这些组织病理学特点可以推测出BHD综合征肺囊肿与常见的肺大疱有所不同,且BHD综合征的肺囊性结构还会发生不同程度的慢性炎性细胞浸润,反复的炎症刺激,从而引起囊肿结构的改变,囊肿破裂还会导致气胸[18-21]。
3.2BHD综合征肺部病变的CT征象
与BHD综合征肺部病变的病理基础相一致,本组8例病人CT检查均表现为双侧肺野多发囊性病变,部分囊性灶可融合,形成内部有分隔的巨大囊腔。囊腔大多边缘完整,但于部分病例可见局部囊壁断裂不连续,相应肺野外带无肺纹理区,提示合并气胸。巨大囊状低密度区内还可含有分隔,形成多个囊状的低密度区或多个融合的囊泡状低密度影。在本组病例中,囊性病灶周边均可以见到斑片影、条索影等肺炎性表现。胸膜增厚是该病的另一个主要征象,胸腔积液较为少见。
本组8例病人肺部病变在病灶分布和病灶形态上具有一定特点,均主要分布于双肺基底部,较大的病灶形态趋于不规则状。TOBINO等[22]研究显示,BHD综合征病人肺部病灶主要分布于双肺中下叶的基底内侧区域和基底侧向区域,囊性病灶数量、大小不一,以不规则状表现为主。本文结果与之相似。提示上述征象有助于BHD综合征病人肺部病变与其他发生于肺组织的囊性病变进行鉴别。
结合本组病例并参考相关文献[23-26],BHD综合征肺部病变的主要CT征象为:①在双侧肺气肿基础上,局部见较大不规则状低密度区,可为单发,也可表现为多个融合;②较大的不规则状低密度区主要分布于双肺下叶基底部,邻近肺组织受压改变;③不规则状低密度区周边多见囊壁,内部见分隔;④多伴肺炎、胸膜增厚,部分病例可见胸腔积液。
3.3BHD综合征肺部病变的鉴别诊断
BHD综合征病人肺部病变需与常见的多发性肺大疱、肺淋巴管肌瘤病相鉴别。①多发性肺大疱:囊性病灶呈圆形或椭圆形,囊壁较薄且均匀,罕见体积较大的不规则状低密度区,内部分隔影少见;与吸烟病史密切相关的常见肺大疱,其分布以双肺顶部多见,这与BHD综合征肺部病变多呈双肺基底部分布有较为显著的区别[27]。②肺淋巴管肌瘤病:好发于育龄期妇女,CT上双肺多发囊性病灶,囊壁薄且均匀,部分囊壁显示可较为模糊,分布较为散在、弥漫,分布区域无差异,典型表现为布满肺中央和外周肺实质;除在病灶分布上与BHD综合征不同外,肺淋巴管肌瘤病病人的肺囊肿体积常较小,且形状更趋近于圆形;本病预后较差,随着肺囊性病灶的增加常进展为呼吸系统功能不全及呼吸衰竭,BHD综合征病人则鲜有[28]。
3.4BHD综合征的基因检测
BHD综合征为一种常染色体显性遗传病,其最为可靠的诊断是在临床诊断的基础上行FLCN基因检测[29]。本组8例BHD综合征病人中,5例属于同一家系,与文献所报道的BHD综合征有家族聚集性特点相符[30],其余3例也均有家屬疑似或确诊的患病史。同一家系5例病人中有4例为男性,非同一家系3例病人中有1例为男性,男性占本组全部病例的62.5%,似乎本病与性染色体遗传具有相关性,但由于本组病例数量少,且目前尚无文献报道本病有隐性遗传或与性染色体遗传相关,故该问题尚有待于进一步研究。
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